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Globalization in world politics refers to the increasing interconnectedness of countries through economic, political, cultural, and technological exchanges. It has not been a linear process but has evolved through several distinct phases, shaped by historical events, economic trends, technological developments, and political ideologies. Understanding these phases is crucial for analyzing how global politics has been influenced and transformed over time. The first phase of globalization is often referred to as the pre-modern or early globalization phase, spanning roughly from the 15th to the 18th century. This period was largely characterized by the rise of maritime exploration, the expansion of trade routes, and the establishment of colonial empires by European powers. Key events include the voyages of explorers like Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Ferdinand Magellan, which connected Europe to Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Politically, this phase marked the dominance of European states over global trade networks and colonies. Mercantilism was the prevalent economic ideology, where nations sought to accumulate wealth through trade surplus and the exploitation of colonies. During this phase, globalization was primarily asymmetric, favoring Europe and marginalizing other regions. Cultural exchanges occurred, but they were often tied to colonization, missionary activities, and the transatlantic slave trade, which profoundly affected the social and political structures of affected regions. This phase laid the groundwork for modern global political structures, as the European model of state sovereignty, bureaucracy, and capitalism began influencing global norms. The second phase of globalization is typically associated with the industrial and economic globalization of the 19th century, roughly from the late 18th century to the early 20th century. This phase coincided with the Industrial Revolution, which transformed production methods, transportation, and communication systems. Technological innovations such as the steam engine, railroads, telegraph, and later the telephone enabled the faster movement ________ ___ _____ _____ ____.
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