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Globalization is one of the most defining processes of contemporary world politics. It refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of states, societies, economies, and cultures across the globe. While it is often understood as a modern phenomenon, globalization has historically unfolded in multiple waves or phases, each shaped by political, economic, and technological transformations. These phases reveal how global interaction has evolved from early forms of trade and conquest to modern forms of financial integration, digital connectivity, and transnational governance. In world politics, each phase of globalization reflects shifts in power structures, international institutions, ideological conflicts, and modes of cooperation. Broadly, globalization can be understood in four major phases: the pre-modern phase, the early modern or colonial phase, the industrial-modern phase, and the contemporary post-Cold War phase. The pre-modern phase of globalization can be traced to ancient civilizations and medieval interactions. While not globalization in the modern sense, this phase laid the foundations of global interconnectedness. The Silk Road, spanning from China to the Mediterranean, enabled the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies, while also spreading religions such as Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam across continents. Maritime trade routes in the Indian Ocean connected Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia, creating a network of cultural diffusion and economic interdependence. Empires such as the Roman, Chinese, and Islamic caliphates acted as hubs of early globalization by facilitating movement of people, knowledge, and commodities across vast territories. However, this phase of globalization was largely regional and limited by the technological constraints of transport and communication. Politically, it was marked by ________ ______ ______ __________ _____ __________ _______ _____ ______.
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