Explain the different modes of technology transfer giving examples.

Technology transfer refers to the process of sharing or disseminating knowledge, skills, and technologies from one entity to another. This process enables the application of advanced technologies in new settings, enhancing innovation and productivity. Technology transfer can occur through several modes, each serving different purposes and contexts. The primary modes of technology transfer are as follows:

1. Licensing
   Licensing is a common mode of technology transfer, where the owner of the technology grants permission to another party (the licensee) to use, produce, or sell a product based on the patented technology. Licensing is beneficial because it allows the licensor to receive royalties or fees without directly engaging in the manufacturing or commercialization process. For example, pharmaceutical companies often license their drug formulations to other companies, enabling broader distribution in different regions. A well-known case is the licensing of HIV/AIDS drugs from Western pharmaceutical companies to generic ___ ____ ________ _______ ____ ___ ____ _________.
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