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Data protection has emerged as a central concern in the digital age, where personal information is continuously collected, processed, and transferred across borders. India, the European Union, and the United States have adopted distinct approaches to privacy and data protection, reflecting their legal traditions, political priorities, and economic structures. In India, the data protection framework has evolved significantly in recent years. The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act) represents the country’s first comprehensive legislation dedicated specifically to personal data protection. It is grounded in the constitutional recognition of the right to privacy as a fundamental right by the Supreme Court in the Puttaswamy judgment (2017). The Act applies to digital personal data processed within India and also to processing outside India if it relates to offering goods or services to individuals in India. It introduces key concepts such as data fiduciaries (entities determining the purpose and means of processing) and data principals (individuals to whom the data ___ ____ __________ ______ __________.
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