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Critical and cultural theories have profoundly influenced the study of media within the framework of development communication, offering nuanced insights into power dynamics, ideology, and representation. Marxist theory, one of the foundational critical approaches, emphasizes the economic structures that underlie social relations and cultural production. According to Marxist perspectives, media do not exist in isolation but operate within capitalist systems that inherently privilege dominant classes. Media content, ownership, and control are often shaped by the interests of the bourgeoisie, resulting in the reinforcement of existing power hierarchies. In development communication, this approach allows researchers to examine how media serve as tools for maintaining structural inequalities, shaping public consciousness to align with capitalist ideologies, and marginalizing the voices of subaltern or economically disadvantaged communities. The Marxist lens also enables scholars to interrogate the commodification of information and culture, highlighting how media products are produced not merely for social engagement but as commodities that generate profit while subtly transmitting hegemonic values. Critical theory, originating from the Frankfurt School, builds on Marxist insights while incorporating broader dimensions of social critique. It emphasizes the role of culture and communication in sustaining societal power relations beyond purely economic terms. Critical theorists argue that _____ ___ _____ ___ ______ ____ __________ ______ __________ ____.
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