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The concepts of the old middle class and the new middle class are central to understanding social stratification, as they illustrate shifts in economic, cultural, and occupational structures in modern societies. These distinctions help explain how economic development, industrialization, and globalization have reconfigured social hierarchies and the composition of the middle strata. The old middle class primarily emerged during the pre-industrial and early industrial periods. It consisted largely of small business owners, artisans, professionals such as doctors and lawyers, and those engaged in skilled trades. This group held a relatively stable social and economic position due to ownership of property, vocational expertise, or inherited wealth. Their social identity was closely tied to occupation, education, and family background. In addition, they often adhered to traditional norms, values, and lifestyle patterns, including conservative consumption _______ ___ ___ ____ ________ ___ __________ _______ ______ ___ ___.
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