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# Development and Its Economic, Human, and Political Dimensions Development is a broad and multidimensional concept that refers to the process through which societies improve the well-being, capabilities, opportunities, institutions, and quality of life of their people. In the early stages of development thinking, development was largely understood in terms of economic growth, industrialisation, higher income, and increased production. A country was considered developed when its national income, per capita income, industrial output, and productivity increased. However, this narrow understanding gradually came to be questioned because economic growth alone does not necessarily eliminate poverty, inequality, unemployment, discrimination, or political exclusion. Development therefore came to be understood as a wider process involving economic, social, human, political, cultural, and institutional changes. Development implies improvement in the conditions of human life. It involves expanding people's choices and enabling them to lead lives that they value. It includes access to education, healthcare, employment, food, housing, social security, freedom, equality, participation, and dignity. Development is also concerned with reducing poverty and inequality and creating opportunities for disadvantaged groups. Thus, development is both a process of structural transformation and an improvement in people's capabilities and freedoms. The concept of development has changed significantly over time. Classical and early modernisation approaches generally associated development with economic growth and industrialisation. Rostow's stages of economic growth, for example, viewed development as a movement from traditional society towards mass consumption through stages of economic transformation. Dependency theorists later argued that the development of some countries was connected with the underdevelopment of others through unequal global economic relationships. The human development approach, particularly associated with Amartya Sen and Mahbub ul Haq, shifted attention from income to people's capabilities, freedoms, and well-being. Contemporary approaches further emphasise sustainability, gender equality, social justice, democratic participation, environmental protection, and institutional quality. Economic development refers to sustained improvement in the productive capacity and economic well-being of a society. It is broader than simple economic growth, although __________ _________ ____ ______ ______ ________ _________.
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