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A system call is a mechanism through which a user-level application interacts with the operating system to request services that the application itself cannot perform directly. These services involve operations that require privileged access to hardware or kernel resources, such as reading from files, creating processes, allocating memory, or accessing devices. Since user programs operate in a restricted environment called user mode, they are not allowed to directly access the hardware or sensitive kernel data structures. System calls serve as the controlled interface between user programs and the operating system kernel, ensuring both security and stability of the system. When a user program makes a system call to read data from a file, a sequence of steps occurs involving the transition from user mode to kernel mode and back. This transition is essential because the ____ _________ _____ _________ ____ _____.
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