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Indian rural society has undergone significant transformation over the decades due to economic development, technological advancement, social reform, and policy interventions. Traditionally, rural society in India was characterized by agrarian livelihoods, joint family systems, caste-based social structure, limited mobility, low literacy, and dependence on natural resources. Agriculture was the primary occupation, social relations were governed by customs and traditions, and villages functioned largely as self-sufficient units. However, with the forces of modernization, globalization, and state-led development, the rural social structure has been continuously evolving, leading to profound changes in social, economic, cultural, and political life. One of the most visible changes in rural society is the transformation of the agrarian economy. While agriculture continues to be an important livelihood, its dominance has declined. Mechanization, use of high-yielding varieties, chemical fertilizers, irrigation facilities, and modern farming techniques have altered traditional agricultural practices. At the same time, rising population pressure on land, fragmentation of holdings, and uncertainties related to climate change have reduced the capacity of agriculture to provide sustainable employment. As a result, rural households increasingly depend on non-farm activities such as construction work, small-scale industries, services, transport, and wage labor. Government programs promoting rural employment, self-employment, and skill development have further diversified the rural occupational structure. Social relations in rural areas have also undergone notable change. The rigid caste hierarchy ___ _________ ________ ___ __________ ____ __________.
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