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Bioleaching is an important process in environmental biotechnology that utilizes the metabolic activities of microorganisms to extract metals from their ores. Instead of relying on traditional pyrometallurgical or chemical processes, bioleaching offers a more eco-friendly and cost-effective method for recovering valuable metals such as copper, gold, zinc, and uranium. The microorganisms used in bioleaching are primarily acidophilic, chemoautotrophic bacteria and archaea, which gain energy by oxidizing ferrous iron, reduced sulfur compounds, or sulfide minerals. This process not only reduces the release of toxic gases like sulfur dioxide, which are common in conventional smelting, but also helps in the treatment of low-grade ores that would otherwise be considered uneconomical to process. Thus, bioleaching has become a vital approach in sustainable metal recovery and environmental management. The mechanism of bioleaching is based on the ability of microorganisms to catalyze the oxidation of metal sulfides. One of the most well-studied bacteria in this process is *Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans*, which oxidizes ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) to ferric iron (Fe³⁺) and sulfur to sulfuric acid. The ferric iron acts as a powerful oxidizing agent, which then reacts with the metal sulfides, releasing ____ _________ ______ _____ __________ _______ _______ _____ ______.
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