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Callus formation and plantlet regeneration in plant tissue culture are fundamentally driven by biochemical and hormonal regulation. When an explant is placed on a nutrient medium containing appropriate concentrations of plant growth regulators, primarily auxins and cytokinins, it induces cellular dedifferentiation. Auxins, such as 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), stimulate cell division and elongation by activating proton pumps in _______ __________ _______ _________ ________ _____ __________ ___ ___.
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