Explain the basic input validation approaches?

Input validation is a crucial aspect of application and business security. It involves checking user inputs to ensure that they meet the expected criteria before processing. Proper input validation helps prevent a variety of security vulnerabilities, such as injection attacks, cross-site scripting (XSS), and buffer overflows. Here are some basic input validation approaches commonly employed in the development of secure applications:

1. Whitelisting:
   - *Definition:* Whitelisting involves defining a set of acceptable characters or patterns that input must adhere to. Any input not matching these predefined criteria is rejected.
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