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Ecosystem restoration is a fundamental component of biodiversity conservation and management, aimed at reviving ecosystems that have been degraded, damaged, or destroyed due to natural or anthropogenic causes. Restoration efforts involve a variety of approaches that are selected based on the ecological, social, and economic context of the degraded area. These approaches aim not only to recover biodiversity but also to restore ecosystem services, promote resilience, and ensure sustainable coexistence between humans and nature. The United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030) highlights the urgency of restoring ecosystems worldwide, and multiple strategies are employed to achieve this goal. One major approach is natural regeneration, which involves allowing ecosystems to recover on their own with minimal human intervention. This method leverages the ecosystem’s intrinsic capacity to regenerate, often with initial protection measures such as fencing off the area, reducing human disturbances, or controlling invasive species. Natural regeneration is especially effective in areas where soil, seed banks, or native species remain intact. This approach is cost-effective and supports the re-establishment of native biodiversity through natural succession processes. Assisted natural regeneration is a refined method that includes low-cost interventions to accelerate the natural regeneration process. These may include enrichment planting, removing competing vegetation, or protecting specific keystone species. This method maintains ecological __________ _____ ___ ________ ____ ______ ____ ___ _____.
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