Explain Pre-established harmony. Discuss its significance in Leibniz's philosophy.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, a prominent figure in Western modern philosophy, developed the concept of *Pre-established Harmony* as a fundamental solution to the mind-body problem. This doctrine suggests that the relationship between the mind and body is not one of direct causal interaction but rather a coordinated harmony pre-ordained by God. It emerges within his broader metaphysical system of monads and his critique of Cartesian dualism and occasionalism.  

### Understanding Pre-established Harmony  
Leibniz proposed that reality consists of infinite, indivisible, and non-interacting simple substances called *monads*. Each monad is a self-contained entity, mirroring the entire universe through its internal properties. Unlike Descartes, who upheld mind-body dualism, and Malebranche, who _____ ____ ___ ________ ______ _________ ________ _____ ________.
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