Contrast Descartes' and Locke's conceptions of substance with Spineca's.

Descartes, Locke, and Spinoza each developed distinct theories of substance within the framework of Western Philosophy's modern era, particularly during the 17th century. Their differences lie in their approaches to metaphysics and the nature of existence.  

Descartes conceived substance as something that exists independently of anything else except God. In his *Meditations on First Philosophy*, he famously distinguishes between two types of substances: *res cogitans* (thinking substance) and *res extensa* (extended substance). For Descartes, the essence of mind is thought, and the _____ _______ ____ _____ ____.
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