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Sri Lanka’s political system has faced a range of challenges rooted in its history, ethnic diversity, institutional framework, and socio-economic conditions. The most prominent challenge has been the ethnic conflict between the majority Sinhalese population and the Tamil minority. Since independence in 1948, policies such as the “Sinhala Only Act” of 1956 created a sense of marginalization among Tamils, leading to decades of mistrust. This culminated in a protracted civil war (1983–2009) between the Sri Lankan state and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Though the war ended militarily in 2009, reconciliation, accountability, and equitable treatment of minorities remain unresolved political issues. Another significant challenge is the highly centralized nature of the political system. Despite the introduction of provincial councils under the 13th Amendment, genuine devolution of power has not occurred. Many Tamils __________ __________ _______ ____ _______ ________ _____ __________.
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