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Economic cooperation in South Asia has been one of the most challenging yet necessary aspects of regional development. South Asia, comprising countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives, and Afghanistan, represents a region of immense diversity in terms of size, resources, culture, and political systems. It is also one of the least economically integrated regions of the world despite its enormous potential for cooperation. Regional economic cooperation in South Asia revolves around attempts to promote trade, investment, infrastructure development, energy cooperation, and poverty alleviation, but progress has often been slow due to political mistrust, security concerns, and protectionist tendencies. Nevertheless, efforts have continued through formal organizations such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), as well as through bilateral and sub-regional arrangements. The South Asian region accounts for nearly a quarter of the global population and possesses a significant market size, yet intra-regional trade has remained extremely low. While in regions like the European Union or ASEAN, intra-regional trade constitutes more than 25–30% of overall trade, in South Asia it has hovered around 5–6%. This limited trade is largely due to tariff and non-tariff barriers, inadequate connectivity, and political hostilities, especially between India and Pakistan. However, economic cooperation is seen as a path toward unlocking ________ _____ ________ ____ ____ _____ ________ ____.
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