Explain key features of urban development policy of Brazil and South Africa.

Brazil is South America’s largest country, occupying nearly half the continent; and with a population of 187 million, it is the fifth most populous country (and the fourth most populous democracy) in the world. Brazil has urbanised rapidly over the past few decades. According to a 2000 census, over 80 percent of the population lives in urban areas. However, much of this urbanisation has been unequal; population has grown around state capitals and neighbouring municipalities of larger metropolitan areas, while other regions have experienced negative growth rates. The result has been pockets of poverty with increased social exclusion and environmental hazards. Brazil began as a federated republic in 1889. Throughout the twentieth century, the country experienced periods of development where the government sought to manipulate urban space to shape society. Post-Brasilia, from 1964 to 1985, the country was under the rule of military leaders, and until 1990 there were no popular elections for President. However, beginning in the late 1970s, Brazil gradually returned to democratic rule, and in 1982, direct elections were held for state governorships. This process of re-democratisation has actively shaped the nature of urban development policies in Brazil. 11 Urban Development Policies: A Global Overview The process of re-democratisation expanded the political arena to include diverse sections of society who demanded urban reform through active struggles. The struggle for urban reform began in the 1960s, when progressive sectors of ______ ____ ________ _____ _____ ________ _____ ____.
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