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Ethno-development as a concept emerged within the broader framework of sociology of development as a response to the limitations of conventional models of modernization and economic growth. While traditional development theories emphasized industrialization, urbanization, and integration into the global economy, ethno-development focuses on the empowerment of indigenous and ethnic communities by valuing their cultural identity, traditional knowledge, and local institutions. It represents an alternative paradigm of development that does not impose external values but rather allows communities to define development in accordance with their own priorities, worldviews, and cultural frameworks. The notion is rooted in the understanding that culture is not an obstacle to development but an essential resource that shapes collective well-being. Ethno-development recognizes that marginalized ethnic groups, including tribal and indigenous populations, have often been excluded from the mainstream processes of growth. They are pushed to the periphery by policies that seek to assimilate them into dominant structures rather than allowing them to retain their cultural distinctiveness. In contrast, ethno-development argues for development with identity, which emphasizes the right of communities to preserve their traditions, exercise control over their resources, and participate meaningfully in decision-making processes. It seeks to strike a balance between modernity and tradition, ensuring that development does not mean cultural homogenization but rather respect for diversity. The relevance of ethno-development in the Indian context becomes significant because India is home to an extraordinary variety of ethnic and tribal communities. According to the Census and various studies, ______ ___ __________ ______ ___ ________ ____ ________ ______ ____ ___.
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