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Antigen processing and presentation are essential immunological mechanisms that enable the immune system to recognize and respond to foreign substances. These processes convert antigens into peptide fragments and display them on the cell surface bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules for recognition by T lymphocytes. Two main pathways operate depending on the origin of the antigen: the endogenous and exogenous pathways. The endogenous pathway processes intracellular antigens ___ __________ ________ _________ ________ _____.
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