Explain Hypervolemia (Fluid Volume Excess).

Hypervolemia, or fluid volume excess, is a condition in which there is an excessive accumulation of fluid in the intravascular and interstitial spaces of the body. It occurs when fluid intake exceeds fluid excretion, leading to an increased blood volume and tissue swelling (edema). In critical care nursing, managing hypervolemia is crucial to prevent complications such as pulmonary edema, heart failure, and electrolyte imbalances.  

### Pathophysiology of Hypervolemia  
The body maintains fluid balance through a complex interplay of the cardiovascular, renal, and endocrine systems. When there is an excess of fluid, the mechanisms that regulate fluid homeostasis become overwhelmed. The kidneys play a vital role in excreting excess fluid through urine, but if renal function is impaired, fluid retention occurs. Additionally, hormonal regulation involving antidiuretic hormone (ADH), aldosterone, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) can contribute to fluid retention. Increased sodium levels further enhance water retention, worsening hypervolemia.  

### Causes of Hypervolemia  
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