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Buffers are solutions that resist changes in pH when small amounts of acid or alkali are added, and they play a crucial role in biochemical tools and techniques where precise pH control is essential. A buffer generally consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid. The working principle of a buffer is based on the equilibrium between ___ _______ __________ __________ ___ _______ _____.
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