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Eco-friendly pesticides are sustainable alternatives to conventional chemical pesticides, designed to protect crops from pests while minimizing harmful effects on the environment, human health, and non-target organisms. Unlike synthetic chemical pesticides, which often persist in the soil, water, and air, eco-friendly pesticides are biodegradable and generally derived from natural sources such as plants, microorganisms, minerals, or biochemicals. They are developed to achieve pest control without compromising ecological balance, thereby promoting sustainable agricultural practices. Their use has gained increasing importance in the agrochemical sector, as the global demand for safer food production and reduced environmental pollution has become a priority in environmental chemistry and agricultural sciences. Eco-friendly pesticides can be broadly classified into several categories based on their origin and mechanism of action. One major group is biopesticides, which include microbial pesticides, biochemical pesticides, and plant-incorporated protectants. Microbial pesticides are based on microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa. A prominent example is *Bacillus thuringiensis* (Bt), a bacterium that produces proteins toxic to specific insects but safe for humans, animals, and beneficial insects. Biochemical pesticides are naturally occurring substances that control pests by non-toxic mechanisms, such as pheromones used for disrupting insect mating patterns or repellents derived from plant oils like neem or citronella. Plant-incorporated protectants involve genetically modified crops that produce pest-resistant substances, reducing the need for external pesticide application. Another important category is botanically derived pesticides, such as neem-based formulations containing azadirachtin, pyrethrins extracted from chrysanthemum flowers, and rotenone from certain legumes. Mineral-based pesticides, such as sulfur or diatomaceous earth, are also considered eco-friendly as they are naturally occurring and act by physical or chemical means that are less harmful to ecosystems. The role of eco-friendly pesticides in the agrochemical sector is becoming increasingly significant due to rising concerns about the negative impacts of conventional pesticides. Traditional pesticides often contain persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and synthetic chemicals that can accumulate in food chains, causing toxicity to wildlife and humans. They contribute to soil degradation, water contamination, and air pollution, leading to long-term ecological imbalances. Overuse of synthetic pesticides has also led _____ __________ ________ ______ _____ ___ _____ ___ ____ _____ ______ ____.
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