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Eco-friendly pesticides are chemical or biological agents developed to control pests in agricultural systems while minimizing adverse effects on human health, non-target organisms, and the environment. Unlike conventional synthetic pesticides, which often persist in soil and water, accumulate in food chains, and cause toxicity to beneficial organisms, eco-friendly pesticides are designed to be biodegradable, target-specific, and compatible with sustainable farming practices. These pesticides are derived from natural resources such as plants, bacteria, fungi, and minerals or developed through advanced green chemistry techniques to ensure safety and efficacy. Their development represents a crucial shift in the agrochemical sector, which has traditionally relied heavily on synthetic pesticides to secure crop yield but now faces growing pressure to reduce environmental impacts and promote sustainable agriculture. One of the major types of eco-friendly pesticides is biopesticides. Biopesticides include microbial pesticides, biochemical pesticides, and plant-incorporated protectants. Microbial pesticides contain microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses that are capable of targeting specific pests. For example, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces toxins that are highly effective against caterpillars but safe for humans and other non-target species. Similarly, fungal biopesticides like Beauveria bassiana infect and kill insect pests without contaminating the environment. Biochemical pesticides include naturally occurring compounds like pheromones, which interfere with insect mating behavior, or plant-derived oils and extracts, which act as repellents or growth regulators. Plant-incorporated protectants are genetically engineered plants that produce pest-resistant proteins within their tissues, offering an inbuilt eco-friendly defense mechanism. These approaches reduce dependence on broad-spectrum synthetic chemicals and offer highly targeted pest control strategies. Another important category includes botanical pesticides, derived from plants known for their insecticidal properties. Neem-based formulations, pyrethrum extracted from Chrysanthemum flowers, and essential oils such as eucalyptus and citronella are widely used examples. Neem contains azadirachtin, a compound that disrupts insect growth and reproduction without harming beneficial insects such as pollinators. Pyrethrum affects the nervous system of insects but breaks down rapidly in the environment, thus preventing accumulation. Such botanical pesticides are valued for _____ _____ ______ ________ __________ _______ _______ _______ _____.
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