Explain different types of mutations.

Mutations are permanent changes in the DNA sequence that can affect gene organization, replication, and repair. These mutations can arise due to errors during DNA replication, exposure to mutagens, or defects in DNA repair mechanisms. Based on their effects and mechanisms, mutations are categorized into different types:

1. Point Mutations

Point mutations involve a change in a single nucleotide within the DNA sequence. They can occur due to errors in DNA replication or failure of repair mechanisms.

• Substitution Mutations: One nucleotide is replaced by another. These include:
  • Silent Mutation: No change in amino acid sequence due to redundancy in the genetic code.
  • Missense Mutation: A single amino acid is changed, ______ __________ ________ ________ _______ __________ ______ ________ ________ ____.
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