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Data can be represented graphically to make large and complex sets of information easier to understand, compare, and interpret. In Informetrics and Scientometrics, graphical representation is particularly useful for presenting publication trends, citation patterns, authorship productivity, journal performance, institutional output, and relationships among scientific publications. Different graphical methods highlight different characteristics of data. A bar graph is one of the simplest methods of graphical representation. It uses rectangular bars whose lengths are proportional to the values being represented. Bars may be arranged vertically or horizontally. A bar graph is useful for comparing discrete categories. For example, the number of publications produced by five departments in a university can be represented by separate bars for each department. Similarly, the ________ ________ _____ ____ _______ ___ ______.
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