Explain briefly the following :
(a) Food contamination by micro-organisms.
 (b) Agencies involved in consumer protection. 

(a) Food Contamination by Micro-organisms

Food contamination by micro-organisms is a significant public health concern because it can lead to foodborne illnesses. Microbial contamination can occur at any stage of food production—during harvesting, processing, storage, or preparation. The most common types of micro-organisms responsible for contamination include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Understanding how these pathogens affect food safety is crucial for preventing outbreaks and protecting the community.

1. Bacteria:
   Bacterial contamination is a major source of foodborne illnesses. Pathogenic bacteria like *Salmonella*, *Escherichia coli* (E. coli), *Listeria monocytogenes*, and *Campylobacter* are commonly found in raw meat, poultry, eggs, and unpasteurized dairy products. These bacteria can multiply rapidly under improper storage conditions, such as warm temperatures or insufficient refrigeration. Symptoms of bacterial food poisoning include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and in severe cases, hospitalization.

2. Viruses:
   Viral contamination often occurs through the consumption of raw or undercooked foods, particularly shellfish. Common viruses include Norovirus and Hepatitis A, which can contaminate food through improper handling by infected individuals or contact with contaminated water. Symptoms from viral contamination include gastroenteritis (stomach flu), fever, and jaundice (in the case of Hepatitis A).

3. Fungi:
   Mold and yeast are types of fungi that can contaminate food, especially bread, dairy, and fruits. Some molds produce harmful toxins called mycotoxins, which can lead to serious health conditions such as liver damage and cancer. Fungal contamination usually occurs when food is stored in moist or warm environments for extended periods.

4. Parasites:
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