Explain ‘Bollar provision’ and ‘parallel import’.

The "Bolar provision" and "parallel import" are two concepts that are often discussed in the context of intellectual property and the pharmaceutical industry. While they may seem unrelated, they both relate to the balance between protecting intellectual property rights and promoting public access to essential medicines.

The Bolar provision, also known as the "research exemption," is a legal provision that allows pharmaceutical companies to conduct research and development on patented medicines without the patent owner's permission. This provision is particularly important in the context of the development of generic drugs, which are cheaper alternatives to brand-name drugs that have lost patent __________ ___ ________ __________ _____.
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