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After independence, India faced the twin challenges of food insecurity and rural poverty, making agricultural development a national priority. Extension efforts were considered central to achieving self-sufficiency in food grains and improving rural livelihoods. Agricultural extension is the process of transferring scientific research, innovations, and improved practices to farmers, while also channeling back farmers’ problems to research institutions. In India, post-independence extension efforts evolved through planned interventions, policy frameworks, and institutional support mechanisms. The Community Development Programme launched in 1952 was the first large-scale extension effort aimed at holistic rural development, including agriculture. It marked the beginning of organized extension work in independent India, with a focus on increasing productivity, improving rural infrastructure, and promoting community participation. Village-level workers were appointed as grassroots functionaries to link farmers with government schemes and agricultural innovations. The programme’s integrated approach combined agricultural extension with education, health, sanitation, and cooperative development, laying the foundation for rural transformation. Following this, the Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP) of 1960 introduced the concept of intensive area development by concentrating resources in select districts. This programme emphasized high-yielding varieties, fertilizer use, irrigation, and credit facilities. It demonstrated the potential of package-based extension approaches and became a precursor to the Green Revolution. The Training and Visit (T\&V) system, introduced later in the 1970s with World Bank support, attempted to professionalize extension services. Agricultural extension officers were trained and required to visit farmers regularly, ensuring the systematic transfer of technology. Although the T\&V system initially improved communication between research stations and farmers, its rigidity and top-down nature limited its effectiveness over time. The Green Revolution in the late 1960s and 1970s brought significant changes in extension strategies. The adoption of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice, combined with chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation, required strong institutional support. Extension _____ _______ _______ ______ ___ ______ _____ ________ ____ _________ _______ ____.
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