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Improving efficiency and productivity in organisations is a central concern of Public Systems Management (PSM). In public sector organisations, these improvements are essential not only for cost-effectiveness but also to enhance service delivery, transparency, accountability, and citizen satisfaction. Given the often bureaucratic nature of public institutions, it is vital to apply systematic and scientific techniques to manage resources optimally, streamline operations, and meet performance goals. Various approaches, strategies, and tools have been developed and adopted to foster these objectives. The following sections examine key techniques that contribute to improving the efficiency and productivity of organisations within the framework of Public Systems Management. 1. Management by Objectives (MBO) MBO is a strategic management model that aims to improve organisational performance by clearly defining objectives agreed upon by both management and employees. It helps align individual performance with organisational goals, thus increasing motivation and clarity in execution. In public organisations, MBO helps reduce ambiguity in role assignments and encourages outcome-based performance evaluation, improving both efficiency and accountability. It facilitates continuous performance review, fosters a results-oriented culture, and enables better coordination among departments. 2. Total Quality Management (TQM) TQM is a comprehensive management approach that focuses on continuous improvement in all aspects of an organisation’s operations. In ________ _______ __________ _____ _________ ___ _______ ________ __________.
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