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The colonial census and surveys in India were pivotal tools for the British administration to understand, classify, and ultimately control Indian society. These instruments were not merely acts of data collection; they were embedded within the colonial project’s broader agenda of governance, knowledge production, and social regulation. The British approach to census-making and survey work reflected their Enlightenment-era belief in rationality, classification, and systematic knowledge, which they sought to apply to India as a “problem” in need of management and control. By examining the role of the colonial census and surveys, it becomes clear how these tools helped shape both British knowledge of Indian society and the mechanisms of colonial power. The first systematic census in India was conducted in 1871-72, following earlier sporadic attempts in the 19th century. Prior to this, the British had undertaken various surveys such as land revenue surveys, ethnographic studies, and administrative reports, each serving to map and categorize Indian populations. The census was part of a broader effort to “know” the population in terms of religion, caste, language, occupation, and social practices. This detailed classification reflected the British belief that understanding the social structure of India was crucial for effective administration. By rendering Indian society legible through numbers, categories, and typologies, the British could better administer law, collect taxes, and implement policies aimed at maintaining social order. Colonial surveys also played a __________ ________ _______ _____ ____ ________ _________ _______ ___ _________.
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