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Industrial pollution from urban clusters is one of the most serious challenges to sustainable urban planning and development. Rapid industrialization, population growth, and unplanned urban expansion have led to the concentration of manufacturing units in and around cities. While industries contribute significantly to economic growth, employment, and technological advancement, they also generate various forms of pollution that adversely affect human health, ecosystems, and long-term urban sustainability. One of the primary forms of industrial pollution is air pollution. Industries such as thermal power plants, cement factories, steel plants, chemical industries, and oil refineries release harmful pollutants including sulphur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). These emissions reduce air _______ ___ _________ _____ ____ __________ ___ _________.
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