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The nature of land rights in the medieval Deccan (circa 1605–1750) was shaped by a complex interplay of political authority, agrarian relations, customary practices, and socio-religious institutions. During this period, the Deccan witnessed the rule of several regional powers such as the Mughals, the Deccan Sultanates (notably Bijapur, Golconda, and Ahmadnagar), and later, the emergence of the Maratha state under Shivaji and his successors. Each of these regimes influenced the structure and practice of land rights through their administrative policies and interactions with local landed intermediaries, peasant communities, and religious institutions. Land rights in the Deccan were not based on absolute individual ownership in the modern sense. Instead, they functioned as a bundle of rights shared and contested among various stakeholders such as the state, village communities, local elites, and religious endowments. These rights included cultivation, revenue collection, tenancy, inheritance, and even rights of alienation under certain conditions. Under the Deccan Sultanates and the Mughals, land was viewed primarily as a source of revenue. The sovereign was theoretically considered the ultimate owner of the land, with subjects enjoying usufructuary rights (i.e., rights to use and benefit from the land without owning it outright). These rights were granted or recognized by the state in return for revenue payments or military and administrative service. The jagir system, for example, was an important means of administering land rights. In this system, the state assigned revenue from a particular territory to an individual (jagirdar) in exchange for service, usually military. The jagirdar had the right to collect revenue from the assigned area but did not own the land outright. The system thus entailed overlapping and hierarchical claims _______ _________ ______ ______ _____.
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