Examine the main features of the western approach to Conflict Resolution.

Most western approaches to conflict resolution require the usage of a go-between or an intermediary. Heidi Burgess defines intermediaries (or “third parties”) as people, organizations, or nations who enter a conflict with the aim of trying to help the disputants de-escalate or resolve it. Intermediaries can play various roles depending on the circumstance and the kind of help the disputants require from them (active or passive role). Sometimes the hostile individuals and groups may decide to resolve the conflict of their own initiative- by discussing the issues between themselves- without involving any intermediary. If the discussion does not work, one could move to the process of one to one negotiation. If the stakeholders are not able to work out a solution on their own, then they may take assistance from an intermediary. The intermediary may initially focus on the process of conciliation, where she/he has the limited role of focusing on reducing hostilities. Beyond this, one could move to the process of mediation and seek active assistance from the intermediary in exploring options and negotiating a settlement but the responsibility to decide on acceptable solutions is ultimately in the hands of the contending parties. One could next move to the process of arbitration where the arbitrator would behave like a judge, decide on the right and wrong and impose a decision. Adjudication is also a form of arbitration, wherein the adjudicator is the judge. Lastly, disputants have the choice of going in for litigation. The facilitator is a person who leads a collaborative process in which individuals and groups with divergent views meet to reach consensus on a goal or to solve a problem. The role of a facilitator is less active than that of an arbitrator or mediator as a pure facilitator is responsible only for the process and not for the content.

Dialogue and Facilitation: Relationships are key to human existence. In relationships we experience differences – of views, beliefs, attitudes, values etc. Differences can be used as dividers to foster hatred, ill-will and animosity or they can be used as a connector to discover the underlying human unity, to create new partnerships, and to build peace. Gandhi also believed in the human unity structure at the level of social relationships, the structure to which all human beings __________ ___ _________ ________ ____ ___.
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