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Public system management in India has undergone significant reforms since independence, particularly after the economic liberalization of 1991. These reforms have been driven by the need to improve efficiency, transparency, accountability, citizen-centric governance, and effective service delivery. The traditional bureaucratic model, characterized by rigid procedures and centralized decision-making, has gradually evolved into a more performance-oriented and participatory system. Public system management reforms have aimed at restructuring institutions, modernizing administrative processes, introducing technology, promoting decentralization, and strengthening accountability mechanisms. One of the most significant reforms has been the adoption of the principles of New Public Management (NPM). NPM emphasizes efficiency, performance measurement, customer orientation, decentralization, managerial autonomy, and competition. Although India has not adopted NPM in its pure form, many of its principles have been incorporated into governance reforms. Ministries and departments have increasingly focused on outcomes rather than merely following procedures. Performance indicators, service standards, and citizen feedback mechanisms have become integral to administrative functioning. Administrative reforms have been guided by the recommendations of various Administrative Reforms Commissions. The First Administrative Reforms Commission (1966) recommended strengthening personnel administration, financial management, district administration, and public sector management. The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2005–2009) proposed reforms in ethics, local governance, crisis management, e-governance, public order, financial management, and citizen-centric administration. Many recommendations have influenced government policies, including greater transparency, simplified procedures, and improved accountability. The Right to Information Act, 2005, marked a revolutionary reform in public system management. It empowered citizens to obtain information from public authorities, thereby enhancing transparency and reducing secrecy in administration. The Act has improved public scrutiny of government decisions, promoted accountability among public officials, and strengthened __________ ___ _________ _________ __________.
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