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Climate-related disasters are hazardous events that are directly or indirectly influenced by changes in the Earth's climate system. They arise from extreme weather events or long-term climatic changes that adversely affect human lives, ecosystems, infrastructure, and economies. While many climatic hazards have occurred naturally throughout history, climate change caused by increased greenhouse gas emissions has intensified the frequency, severity, duration, and unpredictability of many disasters. Understanding climate-related disasters is fundamental to disaster vulnerability and risk assessment because it helps identify exposed populations, assess vulnerabilities, and formulate strategies for disaster risk reduction. Climate-related disasters include both sudden-onset and slow-onset events. Sudden-onset disasters consist of floods, cyclones, hurricanes, storm surges, cloudbursts, heatwaves, cold waves, and wildfires. Slow-onset disasters include droughts, desertification, glacier retreat, sea-level rise, saline intrusion, and changing rainfall patterns. These hazards often interact with one another, creating cascading impacts on communities and ecosystems. The disaster risk associated with climate-related hazards is ______ ________ _____ ________ __________ ________ ______ ______.
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