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The Deccan region of India, comprising primarily the present-day states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, and parts of Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, witnessed the emergence of significant urban centres during the early historical period, roughly dated between the 3rd century BCE and the 4th century CE. This period saw the rise of new political powers, increased trade networks, and the growth of religious and cultural institutions, all of which contributed to urbanization. The characteristic features of early historical urban centres in the Deccan reveal a complex interplay of geography, economy, polity, and culture, all shaping the nature and function of urbanism in the region. One of the primary features of urban centres in the Deccan during this period was their location along strategic trade routes. Many towns and cities emerged along the Dakshinapatha, the great southern highway, which facilitated trade and communication between the northern Gangetic plains and the southern peninsula. Urban centres such as Ter, Paithan, Tagara, and Pratishthana became significant nodes in both inland and overseas trade. These locations were often situated near rivers or natural passes through the Western Ghats, offering geographical advantages for transportation and resource access. The economic foundation of Deccan urban centres was based on a combination of ______ _____ _______ __________ _____ _____ _________.
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