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The internal morphology of Harappan towns presents a highly evolved and well-planned urban framework, reflecting an advanced sense of civic planning and socio-economic organization in the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 2600–1900 BCE). The Harappan urban form showcases a unique internal spatial layout that distinguished it from contemporary ancient civilizations. Internal morphology here refers to the internal structure and pattern of a city—its streets, residential sectors, public buildings, sanitation networks, granaries, and industrial zones. One of the defining features of the internal morphology of Harappan towns was their division into two principal parts: the *Citadel* (acropolis or upper town) and the *Lower Town*. This division was evident in key sites such as Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Kalibangan, and Dholavira. The Citadel, typically raised on a mud-brick or stone platform, was likely the administrative and ritual center, housing structures of political, military, or religious significance. It often had public buildings like granaries, large halls, bathing tanks, and platforms, possibly for official gatherings. The Lower Town, located below the Citadel, was more expansive and was where the general population lived. This spatial differentiation suggests a degree of hierarchical organization but not rigid class stratification, as house sizes and building materials showed more uniformity than disparity. The Harappan towns followed a gridiron pattern, which was one of the most remarkable features of their internal planning. Streets and lanes intersected each other at right angles, creating city blocks. The major roads, ___ ___ _______ ____ _______ _____ _____ _________ _______ _________ ____ _______.
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