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Drought is a recurrent climatic phenomenon characterized by a prolonged deficiency of rainfall relative to the long-term average, resulting in water scarcity, crop failure, and ecological stress. The causes of droughts are both natural and anthropogenic, and their interaction determines the severity and duration of drought conditions. In India, droughts are primarily associated with the variability of the monsoon system, which supplies nearly 75 percent of the annual rainfall. Any delay, early withdrawal, or uneven spatial distribution of the southwest monsoon can trigger meteorological drought. Climatic factors such as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian ______ ____ _____ __________ ________ __________ _____ __________ ____ _____ ________.
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