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Gandhi’s conception of modern civilization was rooted in his profound critique of Western industrialization and his vision of an alternative social order that emphasized ethical, spiritual, and human values over material progress. He saw modern Western civilization as a system that prioritized economic growth, technological advancement, and military power, often at the expense of moral integrity, social cohesion, and the welfare of the individual. For Gandhi, the dominant feature of modern civilization was its relentless pursuit of material wealth and scientific achievement without corresponding attention to ethical and spiritual development. He argued that such a civilization created exploitation, widened social inequalities, and alienated individuals from their communities and nature. Gandhi believed that the Western model of progress, based on mechanization and industrialization, led to the dehumanization of society. He observed that the focus on mass production and profit-making disrupted traditional communities and self-reliant villages, leaving individuals disconnected from meaningful work and from each other. In his view, modern civilization encouraged competition, greed, and a desire for domination, which he ________ ______ _____ __________ ______.
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