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Federalism, as a system of government, seeks to divide powers between a central authority and constituent units in a manner that ensures both unity and autonomy. In theory, federalism is designed to manage diversity, provide a balance between centralization and decentralization, and promote stability in heterogeneous societies. In practice, however, its success depends on historical, socio-political, and economic contexts. Brazil and Nigeria are two instructive cases of federal democracies in post-colonial contexts. Both countries are characterized by large populations, multi-ethnic and multi-religious diversity, histories of colonialism, and long episodes of authoritarian rule. Their federal systems are intended to accommodate diversity while ensuring national cohesion, yet the outcomes reveal both the possibilities and contradictions of post-colonial federal democracies. Evaluating their experiences requires an examination of the theory of federalism, the constitutional frameworks of both states, their challenges in practice, and the broader lessons they offer. The theory of federalism emphasizes shared rule and self-rule. Constituent units are granted autonomy in certain spheres, while the central government retains authority over matters of common interest such as defense, foreign policy, and monetary regulation. Classic federal theorists like K.C. Wheare underscored the importance of a division of powers that is constitutionally guaranteed, with neither level of government being subordinate to the other. However, in post-colonial societies, federal arrangements are often imposed rather than organically developed, raising questions about their legitimacy and functionality. In such contexts, federalism must grapple with legacies of colonial boundaries, uneven ______ _______ __________ ______ ____ _______ ___ _____ ____.
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