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Observation has traditionally been regarded as the foundation of empirical knowledge, but the idea of theory-dependence of observation challenges the assumption that observation is neutral and independent of prior beliefs. According to this view, what scientists or researchers observe is influenced by the theories, concepts, expectations, language, and background assumptions they already possess. Observation is therefore not merely a passive recording of facts but an active process shaped by intellectual frameworks. The concept gained prominence through philosophers of science such as Norwood Russell Hanson, Thomas S. Kuhn, and Paul Feyerabend. Hanson argued that "seeing is a theory-laden undertaking." Two observers looking ________ _____ _______ ____ ____ _______.
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