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Environmental history is the study of the changing relationship between human societies and the natural world over time. It examines how people have interacted with forests, rivers, mountains, oceans, animals, soils, climate and other elements of nature, and how these interactions have transformed both human societies and ecosystems. Unlike conventional history, which often focuses mainly on political events, rulers, wars and institutions, environmental history places nature and ecological processes at the centre of historical analysis. It recognizes that human history has never developed separately from the environment. The availability of natural resources, climatic conditions, ecological changes and environmental disasters have influenced patterns of settlement, agriculture, trade, technology, economy and political power. Environmental history emerged as a distinct field of historical study mainly during the second half of the twentieth century. Growing concerns about pollution, deforestation, biodiversity loss, resource depletion and climate change encouraged historians to reconsider the relationship between society and nature. Scholars such as Donald Worster, William Cronon, Alfred Crosby and Richard Grove contributed significantly to the development of the discipline. The field challenged the assumption that nature was merely a passive background to human history. Instead, it emphasized that natural environments possess their own dynamics and that human activities can alter ecological systems in profound ways. One of the major concerns of environmental history is the study of human dependence on natural resources. Early human communities depended directly on forests, rivers, animals, plants and soils for their survival. Hunting, gathering, fishing and agriculture were closely connected with seasonal and ecological cycles. The transition to agriculture marked a major transformation in ______ ____ _________ ________ __________ _______ _______ _________ _________ _______ ______.
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