Enumerate various health indicators. Explain any four in detail.

Indicators of Health are -
1. Mortality indicators
2. Morbidity indicators
3. Disability rates
4. Nutritional status indicators
5. Healthy care delivery indicators
6. Utilization rates
7. Indicators of social & mental health
8. Environmental indicators
9. Socio‐economic indicators
10. Healthy policy indicators
11. Indicators of quality of life.
12. Other indicators.

1. Indicators of Mortality

Death is easy to identify in nearly all the cases and the date of death is generally available in records. Thus, the mortality statistics are considered reliable and used all across the world. A higher rate of mortality in children is considered an indicator of poor health, though this may not be so for old age. Indicators used to measure deaths in a population are crude death rate (CDR), child morality rate, life expectancy at birth, etc. Among the child mortality indicators, the infant mortality rate is widely used as an indicator of health status and development. There are many other indicators that measure mortality in children beginning with conception.

Indicators Based on Fetal Deaths

The following are some indicators related to fetal deaths.
Abortion rate = (Abortions/Females of reproductive age-group)*1000
Abortion ratio =(Abortions/Live births )*1000
Still birth ratio =(Still births/Live births) *1000
Still birth rate =(Still births/Still births + Live births) *1000
Perinatal mortality rate =((Late fetal + early neonatal) deaths/Late fetal deaths + Live births)* 1000

Early neonatal deaths are deaths occurring during first week of life (<7 days). Late fetal deaths include the fetuses of more than or equal to 28 weeks of gestation. In cases where gestation period is not available, a weight of more than or equal to 1000 gram is considered. Another measure for perinatal mortality is

Perinatal mortality ratio =(Late fetal + Early neaontal) deaths weighing> 1000 g/Live births
weighing>1000g )*1000

Note that we are using the term "rate" when the numerator _________ ______ ________ ____ ______ _______ ___ _________ _______ ________ _______ ___.
______ _______ ________ _________ _____ ________ ________.
_____ ____ __________ _______ _______ _______ _______ ___ __________ ______ ____.
___ _____ _______ ___ ______ ___ _______ ________ _________.
_______ ____ _______ _________ ______ ____.
__________ _____ _______ _______ ______ _____ _________ _________.
______ ________ _________ _________ _______.
_____ _______ ___ ___ __________ ______ _______ _______ _________.
________ ___ ___ _______ ________ __________ _______ _________.
__________ ________ __________ ______ _________.
_______ _______ _______ _______ _________ _____ ________ _________ ___ __________ ______ ________.
____ ______ ____ __________ ____ ______ _____ _________.
______ ____ ______ ________ __________ ______ _______ ____ ___ ________ __________.
_______ _____ __________ ________ ______ __________ __________ ____ ________ _______ ___.
________ ________ ____ ____ _____ ________ ______ ______ ________.
____ _________ _______ ______ _______ __________ _______.
__________ _________ ______ _________ ______.
__________ ________ ___ _____ ____ ________ __________ ________ ____ ______.
__________ ___ _____ ___ ________ ________ _______ ___ ____ __________ ______.
_________ _______ ______ _______ _______.
_______ ___ _____ ______ ____ _________ ___ _____ _______ ______.
_________ ___ _______ ___ __________ _____ _______ _______.
___ _____ ______ ________ _____.
_________ ________ ___ ___ ________ _____ _____ _________.
______ _______ ____ _______ ______ ____ _____ __________ ______.
______ _______ _____ ________ ______ _____ _______ _________ _________ _________ ____ _______.
___ ________ ______ _______ ______ ___ ________ ____ ___ _________ ______.
____ ___ ___ ______ ___ _______ ______ _______ ____.
__________ _____ ___ ___ ________ _________ _____ ____.
__________ ____ _____ _______ _____ __________ ________ _______.
_______ ______ ____ ______ _________ ___ ________ ___.
____ _____ _______ _____ ________ ____ _____ _________ __________ ______.
________ _______ _______ _________ ____ ___ __________ ________ ____ ____.
_________ ___ ___ _________ ______.
_________ ____ _______ ____ ______ ______ _________ __________ ______ ____ __________ _________.
___ ____ __________ _______ ____ _________ ________ ________ _________.
______ _____ __________ _________ ____ __________ ________ ___ _________ _______ ____.
___ __________ ___ __________ _______ __________ ______ ____ _______ _____ ______ _______.
__________ __________ ________ ________ __________.
____ _______ ____ __________ ______ ______.
________ ________ ___ ____ ___.
________ __________ __________ __________ ______ __________ _______ ______ _______ ___ ____.
___ __________ ___ ______ _____ ___ _______ _____ __________ __________ _______ _________.
_________ __________ _________ __________ ____ _____ __________.
_______ _________ ______ __________ __________ _________ _____.
________ __________ ___ ______ _________ ____ _____ ___ _____ __________ ___ ________.
_______ _________ _________ ______ ________ _____ ____ _____ _______ ____.
____ ____ _______ ______ _____.
_______ _________ _________ ___ ______ _____.
______ ____ ________ ______ _________ _______.
____ ______ _______ _____ __________ _____ ________ ____ ______ _________ _________.
____ ______ ____ ______ ___ _____ ___ _____ _______.
__________ _________ _________ ______ _________ ________ ________ ______ _______ _______ __________ __________.
________ __________ __________ ________ ___ _________ _________ _________ __________ ___ ____.
________ _________ ______ _________ ___ ____ ____ ______ __________ ________ __________.
________ _________ ________ _________ _______ _____ ___ ________ __________ _________ _________ ________.
______ __________ _____ _____ ______ ______ _____ ___ _______.
________ ____ ________ _______ __________ ___ _______ _________ ________.
_____ _________ ______ __________ ______ ________ _____ ____ _____.
____ ______ ________ _____ ______ ____ __________.
________ ___ _________ __________ __________ ________ _____ __________ _____.
___ _______ __________ ______ _________ __________ ________.
_________ _______ _____ _____ _________ ______ ________ __________ __________ ____.
_______ _______ __________ ______ ___ _____ ___ __________ ______ _________.
____ __________ ________ _________ ____.
____ __________ ________ ____ ___ ___ ________ ________.
________ __________ _________ __________ _________.
__________ _________ _________ _________ ___.
____ __________ _____ _____ __________ _________ _________ _____.
___ ______ ___ ___ _____ _______ _________ ________ _________ ____ ____ ___.
____ ____ _________ _____ _________ ___ _________ ________ _________.
_______ ____ ___ ___ __________ ____ ________ ___ ______ _______ ___.
________ ________ _____ ________ ______.
___ ______ ____ ____ __________ _______ _______ __________ ________.
______ _____ ___ __________ _______.
____ ____ ____ ____ _______ _____ ____ _____ _______ __________ ____ ______.
________ _________ __________ _______ ___ _________ ___ ________ ___ _________ _____.
_____ _____ ___ ________ _________ __________ _____ _________ _______.
_________ _______ _________ ______ ______ __________ ____ _________ ____.
______ _______ ________ _________ ___ ____ ________ ________.
_______ ____ ______ ___ ____.
____ ________ _______ _______ __________ _____ _____ ________ ________ ________ ______ _______.
_______ ________ ___ ____ ______ ___ ________ ________ ___ ______ _________ ____.
_________ __________ _______ ______ ________ _______ ________ __________ ____ _________ __________.
______ _____ ________ _____ _______.
________ ____ ___ ___ _____.
________ ___ ________ ____ __________ ________ _________ _______.
___ __________ _____ _______ _____ ______.
_____ _________ _____ _________ ________ _____.
__________ ____ ______ _______ _______ _____.
_______ _______ _______ _____ _______ _____ _______ ______ ________ _________ _______.
______ _______ ________ ___ _____.
______ _______ _____ ________ ___ __________ _____ _____ _______.
________ _______ ____ _______ _________ _______ ______ __________ ________ ____.
____ __________ ______ _______ __________ __________ ___ ____.
________ ________ ____ _________ _________ ______.
_________ ________ _________ ________ ___ _______ ___ ___ _________ _______.
__________ ___ ________ ___ __________ _________ _______ ________ ______ _____ ________.
______ ________ ________ ___ ______ ____ _______ ______ _______.
________ ______ ____ _______ ________ ____.
_______ ________ ___ __________ ____ __________ ____ __________ ____ ____ ______ _________.
______ ___ _______ _________ __________ ______ ______ ___.
__________ ___ ________ __________ _______ ________ _______ _________ ________.
_____ __________ _________ ___ _______ _____ _________ __________.
________ ______ _____ _____ ___ ____ _____ ___ _______ ________ ____.
___ ____ ____ __________ ______ ___ ______.
_____ _____ __________ __________ ___.
______ ___ __________ ______ ______.
__________ ________ _________ _____ ___ _________ ___ _________ _______ _______ ___ ______.
_________ _______ __________ _______ _______ _________ _____ ________ _______ ___ ______.
_______ _____ _______ ________ __________ _______.
_________ __________ _______ _______ ________ ____ ______ ________ _________ __________ ____ ___.
________ ______ ________ _______ _______.
____ _________ ___.
Get Full Answer on WhatsApp