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After the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi in 1948, the philosophy of non-violence did not disappear; rather, it evolved into diverse organizational patterns suited to independent India and the changing global context. Post-Gandhian non-violent movements retained the ethical core of satya, ahimsa, and constructive work, but they adapted their structures, strategies, and goals to address social inequality, economic injustice, environmental degradation, and political centralization. These movements displayed varied organizational forms ranging from decentralized voluntary networks to issue-based mass mobilizations, reformist advocacy groups, and community-centered development initiatives. One prominent organizational pattern was the Sarvodaya movement led by Acharya Vinoba Bhave and later Jayaprakash Narayan. Sarvodaya, meaning “welfare of all,” aimed at building a just and non-exploitative society through voluntary action and moral persuasion rather than state coercion. The Bhoodan and Gramdan movements exemplified this model. Instead of confrontation, Vinoba Bhave walked from village to village persuading landowners to donate land to the landless. The structure was decentralized, relying on _____ _________ _____ ____ ________ ___ ___ _________.
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