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Subaltern literature represents the voices of those communities that have historically remained marginalized due to caste, class, gender, ethnicity, language, region, religion, or colonial domination. Contemporary translation discourse recognizes translation not merely as a linguistic activity but also as a political, cultural, and ideological practice. The translation of subaltern literature therefore raises complex questions concerning power, representation, authenticity, and justice. Since the experiences expressed in subaltern texts are deeply rooted in specific socio-cultural realities, translation often becomes a site where unequal power relations are either reinforced or challenged. One of the foremost issues is the problem of linguistic untranslatability. Subaltern texts frequently contain regional dialects, indigenous vocabularies, caste-specific expressions, oral idioms, and folk metaphors that have no direct equivalents in the target language. Literal translation often fails to convey the emotional intensity and cultural depth of these expressions, while excessive adaptation ____ _______ ____ __________ ______ _______ _____ ___ ___ ____ ___ ____.
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