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Hazards and disasters have profound socio-economic impacts, affecting communities, governments, and economies in multiple dimensions. Socio-economic impacts can be broadly categorized into immediate or short-term effects and long-term consequences, both of which are critical in understanding vulnerability and resilience in human geography. One of the immediate impacts of hazards is the loss of life and injury, which directly affects households and reduces the available workforce in affected areas. For instance, the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami caused extensive loss of life, leaving thousands of families without primary breadwinners, which in turn led to long-term economic hardship and dependence on relief measures. Another significant socio-economic impact is the destruction of property and infrastructure. Floods, earthquakes, and cyclones can damage homes, roads, bridges, schools, and hospitals, resulting in massive reconstruction costs. For example, ____ _______ ______ ___ _________ _________ __________ __________.
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