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Policy making in the context of Integrated Environment Management in urban and rural areas is shaped and often restricted by multiple structural, institutional, socio-economic and ecological constraints. These constraints influence how environmental policies are formulated, implemented and evaluated, and frequently limit their effectiveness. One of the major constraints is institutional fragmentation. Environmental management involves multiple departments such as urban development, rural development, agriculture, water resources, forestry, public health and industry. In many cases, these institutions operate in silos with overlapping mandates and unclear jurisdiction. Lack of coordination between urban and rural governing bodies creates gaps in policy coherence, particularly in areas such as watershed management, waste disposal and land-use planning. This fragmentation results in duplication of efforts, inefficient resource allocation and weak enforcement mechanisms. Financial limitations constitute another critical constraint. Environmental policies often require significant investment in infrastructure, technology, monitoring systems and capacity building. Urban local bodies and rural _______ ___ ______ __________ __________ ________.
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