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Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are diseases that are not transmitted directly from one person to another. They are generally chronic in nature, develop over a long period, and result from a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, behavioural and social factors. NCDs are a major public health concern because they cause prolonged illness, disability, premature death and substantial economic losses. In epidemiology, understanding the distribution, determinants and risk factors of these diseases is essential for planning effective prevention and control programmes. The major NCDs include cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes, while other important conditions include chronic kidney disease, neurological disorders and mental health disorders. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. They include coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, heart failure and other disorders of the heart and blood vessels. Coronary heart disease occurs when the blood supply to the heart muscle is reduced, commonly because of atherosclerosis. Stroke occurs when blood supply to the brain is interrupted or when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures. Hypertension is an important cardiovascular condition and also a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. The risk factors for cardiovascular diseases can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable factors. Non-modifiable factors include increasing age, sex, family history and genetic predisposition. Modifiable factors include tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, obesity, high blood pressure, high blood glucose and abnormal __________ ______ ________ _______ ___.
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