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Volcanic activity is a major geomorphic agent that shapes the Earth’s surface, producing a wide range of landforms. These landforms are generally classified into extrusive and intrusive types, depending on whether the magma reaches the surface or solidifies beneath it. Extrusive landforms result from volcanic materials erupting onto the Earth’s surface, whereas intrusive landforms develop from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust, often without reaching the surface. Both types significantly influence the relief and topography of volcanic regions. Extrusive volcanic landforms are primarily formed by the eruption of lava, tephra, and pyroclastic materials. One of the most common extrusive features is the volcanic cone, which is generally formed by the accumulation of lava flows and pyroclastic debris around a central vent. Volcanic cones vary in type depending on the nature of eruptions. Shield volcanoes are broad, gently sloping structures built primarily from low-viscosity basaltic lava that flows over great distances. Mauna Loa in Hawaii is a classic example. Stratovolcanoes, or composite volcanoes, are steep, conical volcanoes formed from alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic material, such as Mount Fuji in Japan. These volcanoes are typically associated with explosive eruptions due to higher viscosity magma. Cinder cones, smaller in size, are built from tephra and volcanic ash, forming steep-sided cones like Parícutin in Mexico. Another prominent extrusive landform is lava plateaus, which develop from extensive lava flows that spread over _________ ______ _____ _______ ____.
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